پایان نامه کارشناسی
دانلود مقالات فنی و مهندسی و علوم انسانی (علوم تربیتی روانشناختی)پایان نامه کارشناسی
دانلود مقالات فنی و مهندسی و علوم انسانی (علوم تربیتی روانشناختی)Don’t look over My Shoulder!
Words in Use (Lesson 33)- volunteer
- prejudice
- shrill
- jolly
- witty
- hinder
- lecture
- abuse
- mumble
- mute
- wad
- retain
Read the following passage to see how the new words are used in it.
Don’t look over My Shoulder!
The kibitzer is a person who volunteers useless information, especially in card games, causing the players to be prejudiced against him. The name comes from a Yiddish word which originally referred* to a certain bird whose shrill cry scared the animals away upon the approach* of the hunters. Though the kibitzer may think he is being jolly or witty, his advice often hinders more than it helps. We may scowl* at him or lecture him for his abuse of our friendship, but he still continues to mumble his unwelcome remarks. The serious player may even wish he could make the kibitzer mute by sticking a wad of cotton in his mouth. The kibitzer, however, may not realize that he is causing torment* or distress* to his colleagues.* Thus we may have to resign* ourselves to his annoying habit if we wish to retain him as a friend.
Safety in the Air
Words in Use (Lesson 21)- plea
- weary
- collide
- confirm
- verify
- anticipate
- dilemma
- detour
- merit
- transmit
- relieve
- baffle
Read the following passage to see how the new words are used in it.
Safety in the Air
The most persistent* plea of weary pilots has always been for a machine that would warn them that they were about to collide with an oncoming airplane. Studies of landing patterns confirm that the number of collisions is increasing each year, and pilots verify hundreds of reports of near misses. Recently a system that would electronically anticipate oncoming airplanes was devised,* and the pilot's dilemma to dive or to climb, to detour to left or right, may be solved. The system has merit, though, only if every plane is equipped to transmit and receive a signal to and from an oncoming plane. But most aviation experts feel that only a system that watches every airplane in the sky will relieve a problem that tends to baffle every one who attempts to find a solution.
An Unusual Strike
Words in Use (Lesson 3)- typical
- minimum
- scarce
- annual
- persuade
- essential
- blend
- visible
- expensive
- talent
- devise
- wholesale
Read the following passage to see how the new words are used in it.
An Unusual Strike
The baseball strike of 1994-95, which kept the public from seeing the annual World Series, was not a typical labor dispute in which low-paid workers try to persuade their employers to grant a raise above their minimum wage. On the contrary, players who earned millions of dollars yearly, who were visible on 1V commercials, drove expensive autos, and dined with presidents, withheld their essential skills until the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of our government were forced to devise solutions to the quarrel. The team owners, a blend of lawyers, manufacturers, corporate executives, etc., felt that something had to be done about the huge salaries that the players were demanding. Since the talent beyond the major leagues was scarce, they had to start spring training in 1995 with a wholesale invitation to replacement players. The regular athletes returned in late April but there was a feeling that the strike could happen again.
سازگاری عصبی با تمرین استقامتی محرک الکتریکی
چکیده
این مقاله شواهدی را در ارتباط با این فرضیه مد نظر قرار می دهد که تمرین استقامتی محرک الکتریکی (EST) باعث افزایش نیروی انقباض ارادی حداکثر (MVC) از طریق سازگاری عصبی در ماهیچه های اسکلتی سالم می گردد. اگرچه محرک های الکتریکی و فعالیت های ارادی، ماهیچه را به شکل مختلفی فعال می سازد، دلایل مهمی وجود دارد که نشان می دهد، تمرین استقامتی محرک الکتریکی (EST) تحریک پذیری مسیر عصبی خاص را تغییر داده و چنین سازگاری، سهمی در افزایش نیروی انقباض ارادی حداکثر (MVC) دارد. همانند تمرین های استقامتی با انقباض ارادی، تمرین استقامتی محرک الکتریکی (EST) نیروی انقباض ارادی حداکثر (MVC) را تنها بعد از چند مرحله با تغییراتی در بیو شیمی ماهیچه افزایش داده اما این موارد بدون هیپرتروفی آشکار ماهیچه صورت می پذیرد. شواهد ادغام شده ای نیز در مورد سازگاری عصبی نخاعی به شکل افزایش در دامنه انقباض ناگهانی درونی و در دامنه موج های ارادی به همراه شواهد کمی در مورد تغییر در تحریک پذیری نخاعی وجود دارد. مطالعات ورزشی و سطح مقطع همچنین نشان می دهد که رشته های حسی و گیرنده درد در سطح غشایی فعالیت کرده و می توانند به تغییر بازده قشری حرکتی و مسیرهای بین نیمکره بپردازند. این داده ها نشان می دهد که سازگاری به عنوان رابطی برای افزایش اولیه در نیروی انقباض ارادی حداکثر (MVC) بعد از تمرین استقامتی محرک الکتریکی (EST) کوتاه مدت می گردد.
کلیدواژه: تمرین تقویت ماهیچه، MRI، تحریک مغناطیسی مغز، توان بخشی
مقدمه
تمرین تقویت اختیاری (VST) باعث بهبود مکانیکی بازدهی ماهیچه استخوانی در انسان سالم می گردد. افزایش اولیه در نیروی انقباض ارادی حداکثر (MVC) ، نتیجه انطباق در سیستم عصبی مرکزی می باشد، اگرچه امروزه مشخص است که مسیرهای ملکولی مرتبط به رشد ماهیچه بعد از کمی تلاش برای بلند کردن وزنه ها فعال می گردد. سازگاری عصبی به VST شامل سازگاری نخاعی و فرانخاعی می باشد. نشانه های انطباق عصبی نخاعی شامل تغییراتی در محرک های عصبی آشکار شده از طریق فعالیت های EMG سطحی افزایشی در طی تست MVC، آموزش مقطعی، خصوصیات فعالیت، و افزایش در بازدهی قشر حرکتی اولیه و مناطق غشایی مربوطه مغزنگاری الکتریکی اندازه گیری می شود (EEG) ، عکس برداری رزونانس مغناطیسی عملکردی (fMRI) ، و محرک های مغزی مغناطیسی جمجمه (TMS) می باشد. سازگاری نخاعی می تواند به عنوان میانجی باعث افزایش نیروی MVC شده و این موارد شامل تغییراتی در فعالیت واحدهای حرکتی، تحریک پذیری نورون حرکتی که توسط بازتاب H و امواج ارادی V اندازه گیری می شود، مکانیسم بازتاب نخاعی همانند بازداری از سیناپس، بازداری تقابلی، بازداری رنشا، و بازدهی سیناپسی می باشد اگرچه بعضی این اندازه گیری ها به طور کامل نخاعی نبوده به گونه ای که مشارکتی در ارتباط با ساختار فرا نخاعی وجود دارد.
مطالب مرتبط
Love and Marriage
Words in Use (Lesson 25)- architect
- matrimony
- baggage
- squander
- abroad
- fugitive
- calamity
- pauper
- envy
- collapse
- prosecute
- bigamy
Read the following passage to see how the new words are used in it.
Love and Marriage
The famous architect Melville Fenton grew tired of matrimony and devised* a scheme to free himself of his spouse.* He told her he had been engaged by an American company to design its new office building in Paris. Packing his baggage, he left his home and proceeded* to cut all his ties with his former life. He changed his name, secured a new job, and quickly forgot his faithful wife. Not having any responsibilities, he began to squander his money and energy. He married another woman, believing he was safe from the law. But his first wife had grown suspicious and resentful.* She learned from his employer that he had not gone abroad, that in fact he had left the firm altogether. With a little detective work, she soon discovered her husband's whereabouts. He had become a fugitive from justice* and one calamity after another overtook him. He lost his job, became a pauper and was no longer the envy of his acquaintances. Then his second wife grew ill and died. After the collapse of his plans, there was only one logical* step for Melville to take. He embraced* his wife and asked for her forgiveness. Much to his relief, she decided not to prosecute him for bigamy.